Navi Mumbai is also called the twin city of Mumbai. Situated in the western suburbs of Mumbai, this city is the brainchild of eminent architect and urban designer Charles Correa, structural engineer Pravina Mehta and engineer Shirish Patel. The newly developed township of Navi Mumbai is an efficiently planned city with a robust infrastructure of its time.
Mumbai, famously known as the city of dreams has been a major commercial and financial backbone of the nation, the largest metropolis, and offers the largest harbor port. The largest megacity in the republic of India, Greater Mumbai, is built on a single landmass of a cluster of seven islands: Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Women’s Island. The geography topography of Mumbai rigidly expands in mono direction i.e. only northwards.
Creation of Navi Mumbai
Well aware of the prolonged Mumbai traffic and overgrowing population, in early 1964, Navi Mumbai was planned to divert the endless traffic congestion and to migrate the population. CIDCO drafted a development plan for Navi Mumbai, which included a 343.70 square kilometer territory stretching from Thane to Raigad. Further, the plan was officially approved by the Government of Maharashtra in August 1979.
The selected site was across the harbor from Bombay Island, considering that would ease in relocating the people. The key was to create livable spaces and a mass transport system.
The main reasons for the move were:
- The dilapidation of older structures in Bombay
- Navi Mumbai’s cheaper and better housing amenities.
- Navi Mumbai offers more job chances
- Shorter commuting distances
Le Corbusier explains the planning is based on the 7V rule, determining the essential function of creating sectors. The aim was to inculcate the principles of Modernism. The planning of Navi Mumbai is based on a polycentric nodal pattern of development, unlike that of activity-oriented planning of Mumbai. Keeping into account the problems faced by Mumbai, planners adopted the strategy of decentralization.
The polycentric design hinders the concentration of population and activities in a particular area. The planning model functions as a ‘bunch of grapes’ and focuses on the decentralization and balanced residential areas, commercial hubs, wholesale markets, non-polluting areas, and other activities.
The concept was to bifurcate the entire landmass into several self-sufficient townships (nodes). Each node accommodates 1,00,000 – 3,00,000 people. The Navi Mumbai township is anticipated to include around 20 nodes, with a total population of around 2 million people and 10,000 jobs.
These nodes were further decentralized into residential neighborhoods (sectors). The sector planning is similar to the traditional grid planning system. Many of the sectors were planned for residential use. The application of single-use zoning was proposed as opposed to the traditional multiple-use zoning. The nodes offered residential, institutional, commercial, and recreational uses. At a broader scale, they shared common facilities like water reservoirs and transit systems.
Linear City: New Bombay
Navi Mumbai’s design concept was idealistic. The city offers opportunities and is the world’s largest planned metro city, The township planning of Navi Mumbai was overviewed by CIDCO to achieve a self-contained modern metropolis.
The linear city of Navi Mumbai is an urban plan for an elongated urban formation. It is built up of a series of function oriented parallel sectors. The built form revolves around a center of Business Development accommodating all the innovative and recreational spaces for commercial, political, and social activities. The CBD opens a corridor for the transition zone for factories and warehouses. The nodal planning is segregated based on the income groups starting from lower-income to progressing towards higher groups.
Complementing the nodal plan, holding ponds were installed which can be used for pisciculture and recreation. Water from industrial and sewage waste would be reused in developing green areas.
The fundamentals of the planning were:
- Compact High-Density Development
- Incremental Growth in City Plan
- Disaggregated plan of autonomous townships with ample amount of open spaces in between
The architectural concepts outlined in the Draft Development Plan were based on Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophical reasoning and Modernism’s functionalist approach. Many of the characteristics of these two design philosophies aren’t always complimentary.
While Modernism advocated for single-use zoning and patterns based on economical factors, Gandhian ideas advocated for cultural diversity and mixed-use zoning. The social aspects of city planning were given significant emphasis, with considerations of employment opportunities, housing requirements, utilities, recreation, and commercial needs all receiving special attention.
The process was executed in stages of designing, developing, and implementing the ideas. The status of the built environment was determined using periodic socioeconomic and household surveys. Design and development issues were found, and adjustments were implemented in the following design phase.
Taking the entire control of the residential allotment was used as a heavy-handed execution approach for this goal. The urban social pattern of the town was defined in advance. Navi Mumbai is a contemporary, planned metropolis placed in a unique historical and cultural background.
References
www.nmmc.gov.in. (n.d.). Development Plan – NMMC. [online] Available at: https://www.nmmc.gov.in/development-plan
Ananthakrishnan, M., Browder, J., Jacobson, W. and Knox, P. (1998). The Urban Social Pattern of Navi Mumbai, India. [online] . Available at: https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/36603/THESIS.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Kumar, R. (n.d.). City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd. [online] . Available at: https://www.esri.in/~/media/esri-india/files/pdfs/events/uc2014/gis-and-smart-cities/cidco-ravi-kumar.pdf?la=en
References (figures)
- Getty Images. (n.d.). Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India. [online] Available at: https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/evening-at-kharghar-royalty-free-image/137526912
- hum54-15.omeka.fas.harvard.edu. (n.d.). Development Plan for Navi Mumbai (New Bombay) · The Urban Imagination. [online] Available at: https://hum54-15.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/items/show/1984?tags=mumbai
- hum54-15.omeka.fas.harvard.edu. (n.d.). Development Plan for Navi Mumbai (New Bombay) · The Urban Imagination. [online] Available at: https://hum54-15.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/items/show/1984?tags=mumbai
- Wikipedia. (2021). Navi Mumbai. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai#/media/File:Navi_Mumbai_Municipal_Corporation-005.jpg
- Ganju, M.A., Kanvinde, S., Rajagopalan, S., Maniktala, A., Chauhan, M., Seth, P.C., Rajeev, S., Kanvinde, S. and Singh, J. (2004). India-Tech Foundation Award, October 2004. Profession and Planning Practice, Discourse, [online] 2012. Available at: https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-179405-1466913911
As an urban planning enthusiast with a demonstrated expertise in the field, I find the topic of Navi Mumbai's development and planning particularly fascinating. My knowledge extends beyond theoretical concepts to practical applications and case studies, allowing me to provide insights into the intricate details of urban design and development.
Let's delve into the concepts mentioned in the article:
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Navi Mumbai as the Twin City: Navi Mumbai is referred to as the twin city of Mumbai, strategically located in the western suburbs. The brainchild of eminent personalities such as Charles Correa, Pravina Mehta, and Shirish Patel, this city was envisioned to address the challenges of Mumbai's traffic congestion and overgrowing population.
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Geographical and Topographical Overview of Mumbai: Greater Mumbai, built on a cluster of seven islands, has a rigid northward expansion. Mumbai is renowned as the city of dreams and serves as a major commercial and financial hub with the largest harbor port in the nation.
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Creation of Navi Mumbai: In response to the prolonged traffic and population issues in Mumbai, Navi Mumbai was planned in 1964. The City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) formulated a development plan, approved by the Government of Maharashtra in 1979, covering a vast territory from Thane to Raigad.
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Planning Principles - Le Corbusier's 7V Rule: The planning of Navi Mumbai follows Le Corbusier's 7V rule, emphasizing the creation of sectors to avoid concentration of population and activities. The decentralized polycentric nodal pattern focuses on balanced residential areas, commercial hubs, wholesale markets, non-polluting areas, and other activities.
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Node and Sector Planning: Navi Mumbai's planning involves the concept of nodes, each accommodating a specific population and job capacity. These nodes are further decentralized into residential neighborhoods or sectors, adopting a single-use zoning approach for residential, institutional, commercial, and recreational purposes.
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Linear City Concept: Navi Mumbai is designed as a linear city with parallel sectors, each serving specific functions. The Business Development Center acts as the focal point for commercial, political, and social activities. The nodal planning is based on income groups, promoting a gradual progression from lower to higher income segments.
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Fundamentals of Planning: The planning of Navi Mumbai is characterized by compact high-density development, incremental growth, and a disaggregated plan of autonomous townships. Open spaces are integrated between sectors, and the city's architectural concepts draw inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy and Modernism's functionalist approach.
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Implementation and Social Considerations: The execution of the plan involved stages of designing, developing, and implementing ideas. Considerable emphasis was placed on social aspects, including employment opportunities, housing requirements, utilities, recreation, and commercial needs.
These concepts showcase the comprehensive and forward-thinking approach taken in the planning and development of Navi Mumbai, positioning it as a contemporary, planned metropolis. For further details, the provided references can be explored, including the CIDCO's Development Plan and scholarly works on the urban social pattern of Navi Mumbai.
