How long is a skyscraper meant to last?
by Punctual Abstract
City skylines are iconic. One glance at the skyline of major cities like New York, Los Angeles Chicago or Seattle and you know what you’re looking at. Skyscrapers are more than just buildings. They’re iconic. They work their way into the very fabric of a city’s identity.
We’ve written in the past about the cities with the oldest housing stock in the country, which got us thinking:
What’s the intended lifespan of a skyscraper? How long are they designed to last?
The earliest skyscraper, the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built in 2540 BC, and it’s still standing.
So how long will the Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building last? And what about the Empire State Building, which was built in 1931 and held the title for the world’s tallest for nearly 40 years until the construction of the Sears Tower in 1970?
Will they still be standing in the year 7,000 AD – the equivalent if they exist as long as the pyramids? First let’s look at the stresses, or ‘loads’ in engineering-speak, that modern skyscrapers are meant to withstand.
Lightning
One common stress upon skyscrapers is lightning strikes, one bolt of which can pack up to two billion volts. During the rare storms that pass through
Skyscrapers are designed with protective enclosures, similar to the wire mesh on microwave oven doors, that divide and subdivide the energy from a lightning strike and guide it to the ground where it is spread out harmlessly.
Here’s a cool article with many pictures of famous skyscrapers being hit by lightning.
Wind
Wind is the most obvious stressor placed upon skyscrapers, and its speed increases with elevation. When hitting a flat face, wind whirls into an organized gust which alternates first to one side of the face and then the other, causing the object, in this case a building, to sway. If the wind is strong enough, the building can collapse.
That’s why skyscrapers are designed with irregular shapes and angles that prevent wind from becoming organized. Features which are often thought of as simply for style or artistry are actually there to divide the wind and direct it away from the structure.
According to Bill Baker, the structural engineer behind the Burj Khalifa, the typical building is designed to withstand winds from a 700-year storm, while larger skyscrapers are designed to withstand events that occur just once every two millennia.
Earthquakes
For certain regions, like the West Coast, the primary concern is earthquakes. In these areas, resonance, a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at specific frequencies, is the key concern.
In these videos, shot during a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Tokyo, you’ll see the power of resonant design as the skyscrapers sway dramatically but do not collapse.
The Verdict
So, will the skyscrapers of today still be around in the year 7,000 AD? According to Bill Baker, the man responsible for the structural integrity of the tallest skyscraper in the world, yes.
Skyscrapers constructed after the 1930s were made of concrete reinforced with steel, as opposed to just steel, which gave them the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of rock. They can resist both stretching and squeezing forces.
The earliest steel skyscrapers, like the Empire State Building, which date from the 1930s are least likely to remain standing in 7,000 years because they are constructed almost exclusively of steel, meaning they have exceptional tensile strength but are quite rigid and inflexible.
The primary threat to today’s skyscrapers isn’t that they’ll collapse, but that they’ll be torn down to make way for something better.
It’s predicted that the trend of people moving from rural areas into cities will only accelerate in coming decades, forcing us to build ever higher into the sky. In 100 years, today’s tallest skyscrapers could be looked at the same way we view a ten story brick structure built at the beginning of the 20th century.
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As an expert in architecture and real estate with extensive knowledge in structural engineering and construction, I can confidently delve into the concepts addressed in the article "How long is a skyscraper meant to last?" published by Punctual Abstract.
The article touches upon crucial aspects related to the longevity of skyscrapers, including their design, structural integrity, and the forces they endure over time. Here's a breakdown of the key concepts discussed:
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Skyscraper Lifespan: The article raises questions about the intended lifespan of skyscrapers, drawing comparisons to ancient structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza, which has stood for millennia. It explores whether modern skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa or the Empire State Building could endure for thousands of years.
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Engineering Challenges and Stressors:
- Lightning: Skyscrapers face the threat of lightning strikes, and they're engineered with protective enclosures to safely guide the energy from lightning strikes to the ground.
- Wind: Wind is a significant stressor, especially at higher elevations. Skyscrapers are designed with irregular shapes and angles to prevent wind from causing structural damage. Engineers consider wind loads and design buildings to withstand extreme weather events.
- Earthquakes: In earthquake-prone regions, resonance and structural design are crucial. Proper engineering allows skyscrapers to sway without collapsing during seismic activity, as seen in examples from earthquake-prone areas like Tokyo.
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Structural Integrity and Material Composition: The article discusses the evolution of construction materials in skyscrapers. Modern skyscrapers use concrete reinforced with steel, offering a balance of tensile and compressive strength. Earlier skyscrapers, primarily made of steel like the Empire State Building, are less likely to endure for thousands of years due to their rigidity.
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Future of Skyscrapers: The prediction is that while skyscrapers may withstand the test of time structurally, the trend of urbanization and technological advancements might render today's tallest buildings obsolete or subject to demolition for newer, more advanced structures.
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In conclusion, the article underscores the complex engineering considerations behind skyscraper construction, detailing the challenges they face and the innovative solutions implemented to ensure their structural integrity and longevity.
Please note that while I've provided a comprehensive analysis of the article's content and concepts related to architecture and real estate, this is a summary and does not cover every aspect in exhaustive detail.
